Assumptions and method

When to be cautious

Probabilities must sum to 100%. An average does not remove tail risk; this tool evaluates one chance node rather than an entire tree.

Expected payoff = Σ probability × payoff

Test a scenario

Use your own inputs

Inputs stay in your browser. Shared scenario links include your inputs.

Use the result in a decision

Describe events, consequences and assumptions before assigning numbers.

Probabilities must sum to 100%. An average does not remove tail risk; this tool evaluates one chance node rather than an entire tree.

Set a baseline and change one assumption to compare outcomes.

A worked example

Follow the fixed teaching example
  1. Convert 30% and 70% to 0.3 and 0.7; they sum to one.
  2. Expected payoff = 0.3 × (−12,000) + 0.7 × 4,000 = −800.

These illustrative inputs describe a project scenario, not a published benchmark. All monetary inputs use the same currency and price basis.

One row per outcome: probability %, payoff
30, -12000 70, 4000
Expected payoff
-800

Interpret the output only within the assumptions above. Changing the inputs changes the result; it does not validate the inputs.

Source & credit

Standard estimating practice; the cited guide documents use rather than claiming invention.

GAO: Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide

This is independently written code and explanation of the underlying method. The linked publication, its diagrams and its trademarks remain its owner’s material; no permission to reuse them is implied.

Learn and apply

Explore risk: guides, calculations and sources