When to explore this

Look at working conditions and behaviours rather than labelling people.

Origin & attribution

Amy C. Edmondson, Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams (1999). Earlier work on the broader concept predates this team-level study.

Harvard repository: Edmondson’s original paper ↗

Source version and review status

Bibliographic source identified. Consult the linked publisher for the current edition; a current-version review is not recorded for this entry.

Publication or author details are given above. Treatment: source pointer and original orientation. No third-party reproduction permission is asserted.

Using this reference

This page identifies the approach for further reading. Names and marks identify their respective owners; no affiliation, endorsement or permission to reproduce their materials is implied.

Learn and apply

Explore teams: guides, calculations and sources