Study sheet
Download model sheet (PDF)
Read the linked lesson for the explanation, examples and assumptions.
Learn the topic
Sources and attribution
- Anderson, D. J. (2010). Kanban: Successful Evolutionary Change for Your Technology Business. Sequim, WA: Blue Hole Press. ISBN 9780984521401.
- Little, J. D. C. (1961). A proof for the queuing formula: L = λW. Operations Research, 9(3), 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.9.3.383
- IPMA® (2015). Individual Competence Baseline for Project, Programme and Portfolio Management, Version 4.0 (ICB4). Zurich: International Project Management Association. ISBN 978-94-92338-00-6 (print), 978-94-92338-01-3 (pdf). Free PDF from IPMA®: https://ipma.world/ipma-standards-development-programme/icb4/
- Project Management Institute (2025). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Eighth Edition, and The Standard for Project Management. Newtown Square, PA: PMI®. ISBN 9781628258295.
- Project Management Institute (2026). Project Management Professional (PMP®)® Examination Content Outline – 2026 (July 2026 exam update). Newtown Square, PA: PMI®. PDF on pmi.org, accessed 26 September 2026.
- Association for Project Management (2025). APM Body of Knowledge, 8th edition. Princes Risborough: APM. ISBN 9781913305390.
- Association for Project Management (2024, version 6 of April 2026). APM Project Management Qualification: Handbook. https://www.apm.org.uk/media/3r4jbodr/apm-project-management-qualification-handbook.pdf, and the PMQ page https://www.apm.org.uk/qualifications-and-training/project-management-qualification/, accessed 26 September 2026.
Independent study material. Source credits identify the original publications; they do not grant permission to reproduce third-party material.